Building Artemis II’s Fault-Tolerant Computer

Logan Kugler, writing in early April: The computer system aboard the current Artemis II lunar space mission is from a different world that the one from the Apollo era. Apollo astronauts navigated to the lunar surface using a computer with a 1-MHz processor and roughly 4 kilobytes of erasable memory, supported by a larger store of fixed “rope” memory. While it was a marvel of 1960s engineering, the Apollo Guidance Computer’s functional scope was focused and not in the control loop for every system. Critical environmental and power controls were managed through manual or electromechanical means, such as switches and relays. This month’s Artemis II mission carrying a crew of four around the Moon for the first time in over 50 years is supported by one of the most fault-tolerant computer system built for spaceflight. Unlike Apollo, the Orion capsule’s computing architecture manages nearly all of the vessel’s safety-critical functions, from life support to communication routing. When a…