Jean Buridan was a 14th-century French philosopher and logician who twice served as rector of the University of Paris. His subject was the will, and he made an austere claim: the will follows the intellect. Show a rational creature the greater good and it'll pick the greater good. On Buridan's account, the will keeps one freedom - the power to defer the intellect's verdict and call for more inquiry before it acts.But if the will only moves once reason names a winner, what happens when the reasons come out totally even? Buridan's posthumous critics illustrated the problem with what became known as Buridan's Ass: put a standard-issue donkey midway between two identical bales of hay. It has no reason to prefer the left bale to the right, so by Buridan's own logic it can't move, and it must stand in place until it starves. The rational animal should hold off and keep deliberating. Suspend action, wait for new information, look harder, and trust that more reflection turns up some asymmetry…
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